Oct 30 2020 Blue Poison Dart Frog  herbal medicinal products
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Below message sent 
Open a Folder file Blue frog to alkaloids  Herb Products  Products found :
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American Herb Products Association (AHPA)
alerted its members to restrict its use to external applications
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

I Suggest don't use at all
ask your Herb company what is the identification ways for the product labels
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Blue Poison Dart Frog
Poison Dart Frog
The blue poison dart frog or blue poison arrow frog is a poison dart frog found in the forests surrounded by the Sipaliwini Savanna, 
which is located in southern Suriname and adjacent far northern Brazil. D. tinctorius azureus 
is also known by its indigenous Tirio name, okopipi. Its scientific name comes from its azure color. 
While frequently considered a valid species in the past, recent authorities treat it as a variant of D. tinctorius.
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Pumiliotoxins, are one of several toxins found in the skin of poison dart frogs. Closely related, 
though more toxic, are allopumiliotoxins,. Other toxins found in the skin of poison frogs 
include decahydroquinolines, izidines, coccinellines, and spiropyrrolizidine alkaloids. 
Pumiliotoxins are very poisonous in high concentrations. Pumiliotoxins are much weaker than batrachotoxins, 
ranging between 100 and 1000 times less poisonous. There are three different types of this toxin: 
A, B and C, of which toxins A and B are more toxic than C. Pumiliotoxins interfere with muscle contraction 
by affecting calcium channels, causing partial paralysis, difficulty moving, hyperactivity, or death.
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Pumiliotoxins (PTXs), are one of several toxins found in the skin of poison dart frogs. Closely related, 
though more toxic, are allopumiliotoxins, (aPTXs). Other toxins found in the skin of poison frogs 
include decahydroquinolines (DHQs), izidines, coccinellines, and spiropyrrolizidine alkaloids.
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (see Figure 1) are complex molecules named for their inclusion of a pyrrolizidine nucleus: 
a pair of linked pyrrole rings. Each pyrrole can be diagramed as five-sided structure with four carbons 
and one nitrogen forming the ring. Pyrroles are incorporated into the chlorophyll molecule; 
the biological role of PAs in plants remains unknown.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are of special interest currently because several of them have 
been shown to cause toxic reactions in humans, primarily veno-occlusive liver disease, 
when ingested with foods or herbal medicines. Comfrey, a well-known medicinal herb characterized by U.S. FDA researchers as having been 
"one of the most popular herb teas in the world," contains PAs that are capable of causing liver damage (10). 
Earlier alerts about the potential dangers had reduced demand for comfrey markedly, but herb proponents argued 
that the laboratory studies showing PA toxicity probably did not apply to human use of the whole herb and 
that no reports of human toxic reactions to comfrey had appeared (28). Soon after, when clinical reports 
of such human reactions were published, some herbalists argued that other confounding factors were likely 
the culprit and that, at any rate, modern drugs were far more likely to cause toxic reactions (29). 
Comfrey has remained commercially available in the U.S., though in 1993 the 
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American Herb Products Association (AHPA) 
alerted its members to restrict its use to external applications. 
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On July 6, 2001, the U.S. FDA took official action 
to remove comfrey from all dietary supplements.
Safety Issues Affecting Herbs: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
www.itmonline.org/arts/pas.htm
http://www.itmonline.org/arts/pas.htm#:~:text=%20The%20commonly%20used%20Chinese%20herbs%20that%20are,
obtained%20from%20Eupatorium%20fortunii%20and%20E.%20More%20
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in medicinal plants from North America
https://eclecticschoolofherbalmedicine.com/wp-content/uploads/201… · PDF file
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are mutagenic, carcinogenic, pneumotoxic, teratogenic and fetotoxic. 
Plants containing PAs commonly poison livestock in many countries, including the USA and Canada. 
In some regions of the world PA-producing plants sometimes grow in grain crops and items of food made with
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Is pyrrolizidine hepatotoxic
Unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids are hepatotoxic, that is, damaging to the liver. 
PAs also cause hepatic veno-occlusive disease and liver cancer. PAs are tumorigenic. 
Disease associated with consumption of PAs is known as pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis .
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrolizidine_alkaloid
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), sometimes referred to as necine bases, are a group of naturally occurring alkaloids 
based on the structure of pyrrolizidine. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are produced by plants 
as a defense mechanism against insect herbivores. More than 660 PAs and PA N-oxides have been identified in over 6,000 plants, and about half of them exhibit hepatotoxicity.[1] They are found frequently in plants in the Boraginaceae, Asteraceae, Orchidaceae and Fabaceae families; less frequently in the Convolvulaceae and Poaceae, and in at least one species in the Lamiaceae. It has been estimated that 3% of the world’s flowering plants contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids.[2] Honey can contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids,[3][4] as can grains, milk, offal and eggs.[5] To date (2011), there is no international regulation of PAs in food, unlike those for herbs and medicines.[6][7]
Unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids are hepatotoxic, that is, damaging to the liver.
PAs also cause hepatic veno-occlusive disease and liver cancer. PAs are tumorigenic.Disease associated 
with consumption of PAs is known as pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis.
Of concern is the health risk associated with the use of medicinal herbs that contain PAs, notably borage leaf, 
comfrey and coltsfoot in the West, and some Chinese medicinal herbs.[11]
Some ruminant animals, for example cattle, showed no change in liver enzyme activities 
or any clinical signs of poisoning when fed plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. 
Yet Australian studies have demonstrated toxicity[13] Sheep, goats and cattle are much more 
resistant and tolerate much higher PA dosages, thought to be due to thorough detoxification 
via PA-destroying rumen microbes. Males react more sensitively than females and fetuses and children.
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Understanding toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids is of ‘crucial ...
https://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Article/2020/08/24/Understanding-toxic...
According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), an estimated 6,000 plant species worldwide 
may contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), including Boraginaceae ​ 
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Use of herbal medicinal products containing toxic ...
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/use-herbal-medicinal-products-containing-toxic...
This document describes chemical, toxicological, pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties 
of unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). It sets out recommendations for the oral and 
cutaneous use of herbal medicinal products and traditional herbal medicinal products containing PAs. 
Keywords: Herbal medicinal products, pyrrolizidine alkaloids
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Dyeing poison dart frog
The dyeing dart frog, dyeing poison dart frog, tinc (a nickname given by those in the hobby of keeping dart frogs), 
or dyeing poison frog (Dendrobates tinctorius) is a species of poison dart frog. It is among the largest species, 
reaching lengths of 50 mm (2.0 in). This species is distributed throughout the eastern portion 
of the Guiana Shield and Venezuela, including parts of Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, and nearly all of French Guiana.
Like most species of the genus Dendrobates, D. tinctorius is highly toxic if consumed. 
It produces pumiliotoxins and allopumiliotoxins that the frog uses for self-defense. 
While pumiliotoxins are weaker than their derivative allopumiliotoxins and the batrachotoxins secreted by Phyllobates species, 
they are sufficiently toxic to discourage most animals from feeding on them. In the case of D. tinctorius, 
the toxins cause pain, cramping, and stiffness when the frogs are handled roughly. Due to the toxins of the frogs, 
animals that feed on D. tinctorius will typically learn to associate the bright colours of such frogs with 
the vile taste and pain that occurs after a frog is ingested. As it is such a variable species, 
different color morphs of D. tinctorius have varying degrees of toxicity 
and many can cause serious effects on humans including death.
Local tribes use D. tinctorius for decoration. Feathers are plucked from the back of young parrots 
and the frogs are rubbed on the parrots' exposed skin. When the feathers regrow, 
the toxin causes them to appear yellow or red rather than green. 
These altered feathers are highly prized by the indigenous tribes.
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